I came across this article that states there's a new or (confirmed) partially melted layer in the athenosphere (upper part of the mantle)

Scientists detect molten rock layer hidden under earth’s tectonic plates

Does this add credence to Hapgood's disproven theory on Earth Crust Displacement? Or is the rock still too thick for plates to suddenly shift?

岛屿由固结礁岩(碳酸钙)上的碳酸钙砂组成。看比基尼岛。这些沙子构成了岛上的主要含水层。它们的平均水力传导率为5 × 10^-3 cm/sec。沙滩延伸到海平面以下约5米。砂的孔隙度为30%。礁岩的水力传导率较低，为8 × 10^-5 cm/sec，由于产量不可靠，只能被认为是次要来源。

假设海水密度为1.025 g/cm³淡水密度为1.000 g/cm³ .

任务:

计算比基尼岛可用水量。 You can model it as an infinite strip, but need to take care near the ends of the island.

Use Google Earth to make measurements.

I made some measurements of Bikini Island: ~3700 m long and 850 m wide. I think I'm supposed to use Darcy's Law and make multiple measurements from the center of the island but I'm not really sure what to do with that. Any pointers would help.

我想问你是否有关于哈尔兹山脉铜板岩(特别是关于成因)的合适文献。我通常对这种铜页岩与其他铜页岩的不同感兴趣

这些图片不是最好的，但你可以在第一张的左边看到矿物带，在第二张图片上看到一个较小的。提前谢谢你!< / p >

Front face of Mount:

Back face of Mount:

我正在通过Artifaxian的(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzD_WVsEIRM)系列使用gPlates来创造构造历史。我遇到了两个俯冲脊即将交汇的地方。底部的大陆在向上移动，顶部的大陆在向下移动。哪一个更容易被扣除?< / p >

I can imagine that the unified front of the bottom subduction could make it easier for it to take under the top subduction zone. Likewise I could imagine that the sharp point could pierce the bottom one.

The ocean crust segments are the same age.

Thanks for any thoughts and ideas you share!

我知道有一个主流的答案，认为彩虹沙丘他们可以从地质上解释…我只是想知道是否有可能通过采矿形成这些颜色和沙丘?如果不是，为什么它们看起来和南美的矿坑一模一样?< / p >

我们都知道氧气含量会随着温度的升高和降低，所以我认为假设大气压力也会变化是安全的…由于花岗岩和玄武岩是由热、压和物质冷却形成的。如果大气压力和环境温度不同，有没有可能让花岗岩表现得像粘土一样?会不会有截然不同的条件使花岗岩冷却得如此缓慢以至于可以被塑造?< / p >

长英质岩石含有大量的钠、钾和钙(以及大量的铝)，而镁铁质岩石由大量的镁和铁组成....

为什么?< / p >

Why is magnesium (z=12) in the denser rock(s) with iron (z=26), while aluminum (13) and calcium (20) get stuck nearer the surface with lightweight sodium (11)?

I haven't found a reason for this...

P.S.: What about potassium and sodium? Are they also unable to easily fit into iron rocks as well? After all, they also end up, generally, closer to the surface....

我错过了什么?< / p >

地球的陆地总面积在其历史上一直在增加，根据这个视频。大陆总面积与时间的相关性是什么?< / p >

我有很多问题。我认为，引起我注意的岩石主要是侵入性火成岩，具有白色和黑色的斑晶和/或斑状结构。通常还有闪亮的金属碎片(硫化物?)< / p >

For the present post, I focus on two rocks I found 350 km apart from each other and a difference of 700m in elevation (see attached images). In both of these rocks, it seems to me there are shiny metallic bits among the phenocrysts that have a hexagonal shape. Please have a look at the attached pictures and let me know 1) if you agree that the shiny metallic bits are roughly hexagonal in shape; and 2) what the geological explanation behind the hexagonal shapes might be.

The hexagonal metallic shape in the first image is a little above and to the right of the big white rectangular quartz phenocryst. Hexagonal metallic shape number 2 is a little above and to the left of the center of the second image. I took both images using my digital microscope at about 10x-20x magnification.

一如既往，如果某个问题或其形式在论坛中不受欢迎，请表示歉意，并提前感谢任何回答

• 地球形成的剩余能量
• 核内元素的放射性
• 核与旋转更快的外层之间的摩擦

然而，我还没有发现任何迹象表明高压是一个因素。那么，地核内部的巨大压力导致了它的高温吗?

EDIT:如果没有，我想知道为什么。如果压力是分子的动能，我认为压力越大温度越高，类似于理想气体定律

如何在玫瑰图上最好地表示走线数据?只策划罢工可以吗?< / p >

我的问题是，哪种矿物，不管它的性质(开采/实验室制造)具有最高的折射率。

我听说有比莫桑石更高的，莫桑石的IOR已经很高了(nω=2.654 nε=2.967)，但我想知道是否有比这更高的材料?对于那些好奇原因的人，我只是想找到折射率最高的材料来看看。我收集稀有宝石和矿物，通常情况下，IOR越高，切割面的石头最终看起来就越漂亮

假设这次冻结没有发生在德克萨斯州，而且德克萨斯州在未来三年内不会出现任何冻结。随着瀑布后面的泉水不断产生水，钙华是否会在现有的裂缝中形成粘合剂，有效地“愈合”。是过去冰冻造成的损害吗?< / p >

我正在接受遥感。我偶然看到一篇论文，他们使用地形资源信息管理(TRIM)的阴影浮雕模型来进行丘陵阴影。但是，它和QGIS/ArcGIS中可以应用于DEM的hillshade函数是一样的吗?如果我有来自两种方法(TRIM和GIS)的图像，我会看到相同的图像吗?

您的回复将不胜感激

I've been able to find a lot of 2D/3D seismic data such as SEG data pool but well-log data seems in very short supply.

Can you recommend me a book (in English, French or Spanish) that could help me make the students learning process more profitable?

It should contain designs to do my own work with inkscape.

I want to leave them the picture of the chart and when they click on an age give some information about the paleontological and tectonical main events in the Earth.

Can you recommend me a book that covers all the ages of the chart (in English, French or Spanish) and talks about their events?

As the audience is the hole world a book covering the events of a region doesn't help. It should talk about the main events on Earth.

There Vogon poet said that

Everyone above 10° latitude will be in permanent drought

Considering that there were no Milankovitch cycles (with a year of exactly 31104000 seconds (360 Earth days) and a day of exactly 86400 seconds (24 hours) and a circular orbit with a distance between the surface of Earth and the Sun's surface equal to the harmonic mean of the current distance), Earth was an oblate spheroid (with the same mass) with a perfectly smooth surface (only allowing for moderate variance due to fauna, flora and civilisation), there were only 2 bodies in the universe Earth and a Sun (a perfect ball with smooth surface and uniform density with the same amount of radiation).

What would be the least equatorial bulge consistent with modest amounts of water in polar regions?