I came across this article that states there's a new or (confirmed) partially melted layer in the athenosphere (upper part of the mantle)

Scientists detect molten rock layer hidden under earth’s tectonic plates

Does this add credence to Hapgood's disproven theory on Earth Crust Displacement? Or is the rock still too thick for plates to suddenly shift?

从这个问题:

我们真的能穿越地核吗?

我想知道是什么让特别的a 火山管道稳定，因为地幔穿过地表，相比之下我们的尝试或期望钻一个超级洞。< / p >

_{Souce of the image: British Geological Survey}

What's the physics behind this nature success?

我正在阅读关于月球地幔中的水，然而它提到了很多逃逸。在这种情况下是什么意思?< / p >

来自科学新闻在钻石的缺陷中发现的矿物包含了地球的一些热量的来源:

钻石内的一小块岩石现在打开了一扇全新的窗口，可以了解地球下地幔的外观。研究人员11月12日在《科学》杂志上报告说，在钻石内部是一种被称为davemaoite的新发现的硅酸盐矿物，它只能在地球的下地幔中形成。这是科学家们第一次成功地明确证明了这种类型的下地幔矿物——以前只是在实验室实验中预测的——实际上存在于自然界中。但要直接观测到这种深地矿物是极其困难的。这是因为在下地幔的巨大压力下(一直延伸到地球表面下2700公里)，矿物质在压力消失后就开始重新排列它们的晶体结构。< /强> < / p >

Even the planet’s most common mineral, a lower mantle magnesium iron silicate known as bridgmanite, was largely theoretical until 2014, when it was discovered to have naturally occurred within a meteorite that had slammed into Australia with a force that generated crushing, deep mantle-like pressures in the rock (SN: 11/27/14). To date, bridgmanite is the only other high-pressure silicate mineral confirmed to exist in nature.

Diamonds act like time capsules, locking in the original mineral forms on their journey to the surface. The discovery of davemaoite is not only a confirmation of its existence, but it also reveals the location of some sources of heat deep inside Earth.... By identifying the chemical makeup of davemaoite, researchers can now confirm where those elements reside.

That’s because the Botswana diamond also contained a high-pressure form of ice as well as another high-pressure mineral known as wüstite (SN: 3/8/18). The presence of those inclusions helped narrow down the rough pressures at which the davemaoite might have formed: somewhere between 24 billion pascals and 35 billion pascals, Tschauner says. It’s hard to say exactly what depth that corresponds to, he adds. But the discovery directly links heat generation (the radioactive materials), the water cycle (the ice) and the carbon cycle (represented by the formation of the diamond itself), all in the deep mantle, Tschauner says.

From the article I think that I'm being told that the diamond is preserving enough pressure to keep both the "davemaoite" and " a high-pressure form of ice" and the wüstite stable as well.

Am I understanding this correctly?

Question: When diamonds "migrate" from deep underground to the surface, do they maintain pressure inside when there is no more pressure outside? If so, how?

I would think that as the diamond rises to the surface and the pressure relaxes outside it would relax and expand uniformly and the pressure would relax inside as well. If that's not the case, why not?

The tiny gray blobs of mineral embedded in this slice of clear diamond are the first samples of newly named davemaoite, a calcium silicate perovskite mineral that only forms in the lower mantle. AARON CELESTIAN/NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY

While a definitive answer to this is probably outstanding, I would be interested in knowing where this water was, prior to the onset of plate tectonics (e.g. see this question) at probably $\sim 3\rm \,Ga$.

Were the - in total - 4 oceans worth of water (ignoring loss of volatiles to space) delivered with the initially accreted solids, or did it come as a late veneer, cover the Earth first completely, before slowly diffusing into the mantle, starting tectonics and establishing re-/degassing equilibrium at 1 ocean on the surface? What geophysical data is out there to decide between those scenarios?

A recent review on the topic by Karaki et al. (2020), does not say much about the planet formation perspective on this, and the aim of my question points in the direction of deciding whether pebble accretion or planetesimal accretion would have been the main contributor for volatiles on our planet.

如果印度板块滑到欧亚板块下面会发生什么?我假设了一些可能的答案。如果我的假设不正确，请告诉我答案。

最有可能是最小的。< / p >

It will become part of the Eurasian Plate? It will slide back out of Siberia? It will get pushed into the mantle?

I know it is funny to think that the Indian Plate would find its way out of Siberia. I would also want to know what would happen to Mount Everest and the Himalayas.

上图是关于地幔中嗜铁元素的浓度。从对数图中，我们可以推断出高亲铁性元素的浓度是相当均匀的。为什么? < / p >

Phys.org的研究表明地球和月球不是相同的氧双胞胎说

他们发现氧同位素组成取决于测试岩石的类型。这可能是由于撞击后熔化的月球和蒸汽大气之间的混合程度。月深层地幔氧同位素与地球氧同位素差异最大

;这一数据表明月深层地幔可能经历了最少的混合，是最具代表性的撞击物Theia。夏普说。“根据我们的同位素分析结果，忒伊亚的起源相对于地球而言可能离太阳更远，并表明忒伊亚独特的氧同位素组成并没有在大碰撞期间通过均质作用完全丢失。”

和Erick J. Cano等人的链接，地球和月球的不同氧同位素组成，《自然地球科学》(2020年)是付费的。摘要说:

在这里，我们提出了一系列月球岩性的高精度氧同位素分析，并表明地球和月球实际上具有明显不同的氧同位素组成。

but "lithologies"听起来像是指岩石圈，这听起来不像是包括“深地幔”。

问题:他们到底是如何从月球上采集深层地幔样本并将它们带到地球的?要走多深才能到达深层地幔?据我所知，阿波罗号的宇航员要么只是四处走动，捡起岩石，要么敲掉一些碎片，或者偶尔手工钻孔。 They loaded about 100 kg up each time and flew them back to Earth made possible by throwing life-support equipment out the door as well as other less necessary items before takeoff. The deep mantle sounds pretty-much out of reach

我们知道刚性地幔本身是什么样子吗?或者用肉眼看是什么样子?也就是说，如果我能用我的Unobtainium 9000超级钻头钻到地幔，挖出一个1平方米的刚性地幔立方体，当我把它弄到地表时，它会是什么样子?它会看起来像一块随机的硅酸盐吗，就像今天在一些矿山里发现的那样?它会看起来很“外星”吗?< / p >

I would also expect this to happen in spite of the density gradient, that anyway should be less relevant down there, where the acceleration of gravity is much smaller than in the surface.

Why this dissolution doesn't happen? Why is the outer core stable?

As a bonus question inspired by this one: would any other blob of molten iron be stable anywhere in the mantle?

自然通讯文章"到地核的任务-一个谦虚的建议"，建议在裂缝中放置大量液态铁，让它一直下沉到地核，携带一个可以使用地震波传输数据的探测器。这是一个有趣的想法。虽然可能有许多技术问题，但我觉得似乎没有什么是不可克服的，值得一试。但是，我想知道为什么作者建议使用液态铁而不是液态铅。我希望铅更便宜，也需要更小的体积来实现相同的断裂应力(由于密度更高)。此外，较低的熔点有利于裂纹在表面附近扩展。

铅会溶解在周围的岩浆中吗?它会发生化学反应变成更轻的化合物吗?< /强> < / p >

As the original article is behind a paywall I copy here the main text: