Does this affect people sitting on the beach? The buildings facing the water on the first street? A whole city? 50km inland? An island is completely included?

相比(例如，在同一地区)来自其他类型的水体的水(这是在没有遭受野火的地区，但是，邻近，并且由于烟雾而呈现一些天气变化的地区)。

我刚刚开始学习水文学(与我的计算机科学完全不同的领域)，我找不到河流流入湖泊和降雪百分比之间的联系。我真的很困惑。有人能解释一下原理吗(问题a和b是微不足道的)?问题提出如下:

问题:

流域面积为300 km2。过去30年，该流域年平均降水量为1039毫米。该流域出口处的流量测量站的数据表明，30年来的平均流量为3900升/秒。

a)这个流域的年降水量是多少，单位是m3?< / p >

b) Estimate the total annual evapotranspiration from this pond in mm.

c) The stream in question drains into a Lake of 1000 km2; what is the average percentage of precipitation that falls as snow in this basin (to the nearest 10%)?

Thank you for sharing your expertise !

Edit

This is how I solve the two first questions

a) Volume = P * S

b) Water balance equation: P = Q + E Then E = P - Q where P in mm and Q in mm

c) I don't get the link.

From studying mountain weather, the thought occurred to me about whether a lot of fresh water could be produced by creating an artificially-produced orographic effect by pumping warm, humid coastal air through a pipeline that would lead to the top of a coastal mountain.

Orographic Effect:

I then used MS Paint to make a conceptual drawing on how this could be done:

Since the temperature of the metal pipe will decrease as it ascends up the coastal mountain, contact with this colder metal should cause the water vapor within the pumped air to condense on the inner wall of the pipeline and forming water droplets. These water droplets should then be pulled down by gravity and should fall into a pipe leading to a water storage tank.

In the case that one air pumping plant cannot produce enough air pressure to push the air all the way up a mountain, then perhaps another air pumping plant could be stationed near the top of the mountain to assist with transporting the air upwards through the pipeline.

These air pumping plants would probably need to have a large volume industrial centrifugal blower fan like the ones built by Elektror Airsystems pictured here:

Reference: https://www.elektror.com/en/products/industrial-blowers/large-volume-fans/

I am neither a climatologist nor a scientist so I really don't how much fresh water could be produced this way. I am looking for someone in Earth Science.SE to give me just a ballpark figure of how much water may be produced by this process.

Say that this pipeline is 2.5 meters in diameter, the top of the mountain is 2500 meters high, the air temperature at the top of the mountain is 280 Kelvin, the coastal air temperature is 302 Kelvin, and the coastal air humidity is at 70%.

How much fresh water could be produced by pumping warm humid air through a pipeline up to the top of a mountain?

Lake Mead provides the vast majority of the drinking water for the Greater Las Vegas region and the population there will continue to grow at a high rate for the foreseeable future:

"Accounting for these factors and anticipating future trends, the population of the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise metro area in Nevada is projected to grow from 2,335,600 in 2022 to 4,450,000 in 2060. The 90.5% projected population growth in the metro area is the fifth highest of all 384 U.S. metro areas." - https://www.thecentersquare.com/nevada/las-vegas-nv-will-be-among-the-fastest-growing-cities-by-2060/article_daa06351-54fc-5b41-95ae-f8f07eab4fdf.html

The federal government should have a plan of action in place for supplying enough fresh water for the growing population of the Greater Las Vegas region, and also should have a plan of action for supplying enough water for the continued operation of the Hoover Dam, in the event of Lake Mead drying up in the near future. I am curious to know what those two plans are.

What are the U.S. government's plans for dealing with the event of Lake Mead drying up in the near future?

它是否使岩石变脆或易于雕刻?是岩石在晶体之间破裂，还是晶体本身变软/变脆?我对像花岗岩或玄武岩这样的坚硬岩石感兴趣，而不是沉积岩。

我在哪里可以读到它?我搜索了，但我不知道术语，所以什么也没找到。

Would a very strong ground-quake happening at the very bottom of the planet's ocean floor be able to cause a large tsunami to rise up to the surface of the ocean? If it could, how strong would the ground-quake need to be on the Richter scale in order to do that?

任务/问题:

1. 科学家更喜欢SI单位而不是美国常用的英尺/英寸/英亩。请将所有非SI单位转换为公制单位(提示:使用米和日单位;
2. OMD开始挖掘前后的湖泊体积是多少?
3. 计算OMD扩湖前的入水量和出水量。
4. 计算湖泊扩大后的入水量和出水量。
5. 假设在扩大湖泊之前，OMD分流了所有的流入(包括落在湖中的降雨量)，湖泊需要多长时间才能完全排干?
6. 在OMD抽干并扩大湖泊后，他的湖泊发生了什么?他怎么能避免这个结果呢?<李> / < / ol >

为了解决这个问题，我使用包含SWAT+接受的作物代码的查找表创建HRU，然后在植物数据库下的QSWAT+编辑器中创建我的作物记录并链接到错误的记录。

我想知道如何使QSWAT+在初始HRU描绘步骤中接受具有新作物的查找表(和植物数据库)(就像在SWAT2012中所做的那样)

如果我碾碎充满白色方解石的石灰岩，与从同一地区的村庄喷泉中饮用的水相比，会产生什么样的有害化学物质?< / p >

我正在阅读这篇之前的问题关于如果水丢失到太空中是如何的，其中一个答案说(意译)地球失去了足够的水，海洋减少了12厘米，如果地球失去了那么多的水，它能通过从太空接收水来弥补损失吗?我做研究< a href = " https://www.google.com/search?q=how%20did%20earth%20get%20its%20water& rlz = 1 casfjy_enus1020& oq = % 20 % 20地球% 20如何% 20 % 20 water& aq = chrome.0.0i512l2j0i390.6038j0j7& sourceid = chrome& ie = UTF-8&安全= active& ssui =“rel = " noreferrer " >源< / > < / p > < blockquote > < p >远离太阳,气温很低,水结冰的对象(如彗星形成,而接近太阳水与岩石材料发生反应形成水合矿物。人们认为，地球继承水的最可能方式是小行星和彗星撞击地球。

地球还在以这种方式接受水吗?< / p >

例如，如果水从瀑布流下，那么它最终会再次到达顶部，然后再次回落

地表水蒸发过程中发生的同位素分馏是平衡分馏还是动力学分馏?我的意思是，蒸发可以用瑞利分馏来描述，但我一直认为这只发生在平衡分馏中。但是既然我们可以假设水在蒸发后被风带走，我们就只能假设动力分馏吗?谁有好的论文清楚地解释了哪个分馏过程发生在蒸发过程中哪个发生在冷凝过程中?< / p >

As a short term solution to this problem, I am thinking that it might be worthwhile for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to start laying down long sheets of bubble wrap over the surface of Lake Mead to reduce the rate of water evaporation. Large quantities of water vapor would be trapped beneath the sheets of bubble wrap and this should reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation.

I am sure large amounts of bubble wrap could be quickly manufactured especially if the U.S. government were to subsidize bubble wrap manufacturers around the nation, and if they also were to pay for the transport of this bubble wrap from these factories to Lake Mead. The U.S government could also pay for the costs of ships and crews deploying the bubble wrap out on the lake.

Lake Mead is 247 square miles in size and it may be too expensive to cover all of its surface with sheets of bubble wrap. Yet, even if say only 33% of the lake's surface could be covered, this should still have a significant impact on reducing the amount of water lost to evaporation.

Once the drought comes to an end and the water level on Lake Mead has risen back to its normal level, then these ships would go back out on the lake to collect the bubble wrap and it could be stored in warehouses for future use if the need for it arise again.

Would covering part of Lake Mead with large sheets of bubble wrap reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation?

在地面钻孔过程中，如果水被引入，它是否能达到平衡蒸汽压，闪蒸并以可能非常高的速度将钻头、钻杆和其他碎屑向上排出孔口?< / p >

I have seen videos showing drilling rigs penetrating chambers, such as salt domes, that were highly pressurized by various gases resulting in quite violent expulsions of water, drilling mud, rock, and most frighteningly, great lengths of drilling rod and drill bit assemblies; literally tons of such material hundreds of feet into the air through the small diameter bore hole, destroying the derrick, and accompanied by a tremendous ground-shaking felt hundreds of feet in all directions,along with a roaring sound rivaling that of a rocket launch, but sometimes occurring decades before a rocket launch was even imagined.

The water supply is not metered, so is there any other way we can fix this issue so every location gets an equal amount of water?

What would happen to a tornado-forming supercell or hurricane if we could somehow switch off water's phase transformation? In other words, in an accurate simulation of these storms, if we suddenly (in the middle of a strong storm) disabled water condensation into droplets (and disabled the reverse evaporation process, which might be important for hurricanes), would wind speeds be significantly lower after, say, 10 minutes? How much lower?

I'm trying to understand how much the thermal heat of vaporization and the rapid falling of droplets physically "stir" the storm (e.g., from convective instability). The simplest picture of tornado development just requires a low-pressure center, but most sources say that the dew point is usually above 55F, so water plays some role. Is there any published simulation to help quantify this role? For a hurricane, it especially seems that some physical property of water is crucial (beyond just providing a good source of heat from the ocean's high thermal mass, as the textbook explanation of a hurricane describes it).

我也不是在寻找人为引起的变化，而是自然发生的事情。

假设变化前的气候类似地球。

这种情况还要持续多少年，直到形势变得严重?< / p >

(By 'productivity', what I'm actually interested in is production of edible fish, but I suppose other measures like photosynthesis, probably match this to a first approximation?)

In general, my understanding is that most of the ocean has low productivity because it is kilometers deep, which means the seafloor sediment (which contains the mineral nutrients) is far from the euphotic zone (which contains the sunlight); the particularly productive areas like the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, are so because they are shallow.

Does that mean shallower is always better? Or is there a cutoff point of 'shallow enough'?

Do currents matter? Is a shallow area that receives an upwelling current from an adjacent deep area, more productive than if it were surrounded by similarly shallow areas?

What other factors am I not taking into account?

What's the depth that maximizes productivity?

Is the available soil water content (field capacity minus wilting point) the same as the soil water moisture or soil water content?

Thank you.

海湾和海湾到底有什么区别?

I was thinking that if we dam the Baltic at Denmark, then over time the fresh water inflow in the north by means of rivers and freezing in winter (of 660 km³ annually) will completely replace the salt water in the ocean within a max time of 50 years (giving a little leeway for mishaps in between). Repeat the same for the White. This water can then be pumped to Aral or Caspian Sea by connecting it to the Volga river in Russia which drains into the Caspian. And then pump it into the Aral for more storage if necessary.

1 Billion people consume 500 km³ of water. Currently, the population of Central Asia is approximately 70 million. Assuming we the central Asian population will peak at 1 billion, then we have more than enough water. However this doesn't take into account Baltic ocean states water uses as they too will want some. The White Sea is also another source in the background using the same strategy of damming at the straits narrow point. So, will it work?

我13岁的孩子正在研究水循环，他提出了一些我没有答案的问题，关于海洋的盐度水平是如何保持恒定的(在很长一段时间内)

Q1:海洋中的盐度是如何保持恒定的?

他的推理如下:

(1)当水蒸发时盐留在海洋中(2)淡水从岩石中运输盐

如果(2)添加更多的盐，而(1)不去除盐，盐度不应该随着时间的推移而增加吗?(即使是很长一段时间)

Q2:是不是(很长一段时间)没有盐可以“服用”?从岩石和地面?< / p >

How is that supply renewed over time?

Is there some sort of a salts cycle that somehow takes away salts from the oceans and adds them back into the ground/rocks?

I was thinking aquatic organisms take salts into their body, we eat them, we die, our body goes back into the ground... But, to mean, that does sound really convincing. Also living things decomposition maybe?